1-dars: Python tanishuv

Dars

Davomiyligi: 90 daqiqa Maqsad: Talaba Python tarixi, o'rnatish, REPL va birinchi dasturni bilishi kerak.

1. Python nima?

Python — 1991-yilda Guido van Rossum yaratgan dasturlash tili.

Nom — Monty Python (komediya guruhi) sharafiga.

Maqsadi: o'qish oson, yozish tez kod.

2. Python qayerda?

Mashhur kompaniyalar: Google, Facebook, Instagram, Spotify, Netflix, NASA.

3. Python va C farqi

Aspekt	C	Python
Tur	Statik (int x = 5)	Dinamik (x = 5)
Sintaksis	;, {}	Indentatsiya
Compile	Ha (gcc)	Yo'q (interpret)
Tezlik	Juda tez	Sekin
Memory	Qo'lda (malloc/free)	Avtomatik (GC)
Pointer	Ha	Yo'q
Yozish vaqti	Uzoq	Tez
Kutubxonalar	Cheklangan	Cheksiz

Misol — Hello World:

C:

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) {
    printf("Salom\n");
    return 0;
}

Python:

print("Salom")

1 qator! Compile kerak emas.

4. Python o'rnatish

macOS

$ python3 --version
Python 3.11.5

Bor (Mac'da python3). Yo'q bo'lsa: brew install python3.

Linux

$ python3 --version

Yo'q bo'lsa: sudo apt install python3.

Windows

1. python.org/downloads → yuklab oling
2. O'rnatishda "Add to PATH" belgilang
3. python --version cmd'da

Python 2 vs 3

Python 3 ishlating. Python 2 — eski, qo'llab-quvvatlanmaydi.

python3 — Mac/Linux'da. python — Windows'da odatda 3.

5. REPL — Read-Eval-Print Loop

Interaktiv Python:

$ python3
Python 3.11.5
>>> print("Salom")
Salom
>>> 2 + 3
5
>>> name = "Akmal"
>>> print(name)
Akmal
>>> exit()

>>> — prompt. Yozasiz va darrov natijani ko'rasiz.

Chiqish: exit() yoki Ctrl+D.

6. Birinchi .py fayl

hello.py:

print("Salom dunyo!")

Ishga tushirish:

$ python3 hello.py
Salom dunyo!

Compile yo'q — to'g'ridan-to'g'ri.

7. Comment

# Bitta qator izoh

"""
Ko'p qatorli
izoh
(aslida string, lekin ishlatiladi)
"""

C: // va /* */.

8. print() — chiqarish

print("Salom")
print("Salom", "dunyo")        # bo'shliq qo'shiladi
print("a", "b", sep="-")       # 'a-b'
print("Hello", end="")          # \n yo'q
print()                          # bo'sh qator
print(2 + 3)                    # 5
print("Yosh:", 25)               # "Yosh: 25"

C: printf("...\n").

9. input() — kirish

name = input("Ismingiz: ")
print("Salom,", name)

Ismingiz: Akmal
Salom, Akmal

input doim string qaytaradi

yosh = input("Yosh: ")
# yosh = "25" (string!)

yosh = int(input("Yosh: "))
# yosh = 25 (int)

C: scanf. Python — to'g'ridan-to'g'ri.

10. Indentatsiya

C'da:

if (x > 5) {
    printf("Katta\n");
}

Python'da:

if x > 5:
    print("Katta")

{} o'rniga indentatsiya (4 bo'shliq). Majburiy.

if x > 5:
    print("Katta")      # if ichida
print("Doim")           # if dan tashqari

Indentatsiya

Python — indentatsiya majburiy. Aralashtirib tab va bo'shliq ishlatmang.

VS Code — Tab → 4 bo'shliq (avtomatik).

11. Statement va qator

C'da:

int x = 5;
int y = 10;

Python'da:

x = 5
y = 10

; yo'q. Lekin bir qatorda:

x = 5; y = 10  # ishlaydi, lekin uslub yomon

12. Operator

Aksariyat operatorlar — C bilan bir xil:

# Arithmetic
+ - * /
**          # daraja (C'da ^ — XOR!)
%           # qoldiq
//          # butun bo'lish

# Comparison
== != > < >= <=

# Logical
and or not  # &&, ||, ! emas!

# Assignment
= += -= *= /=

13. Birinchi misol

# kalkulyator.py
a = float(input("Birinchi raqam: "))
b = float(input("Ikkinchi raqam: "))
op = input("Operator (+,-,*,/): ")

if op == "+":
    print(a + b)
elif op == "-":
    print(a - b)
elif op == "*":
    print(a * b)
elif op == "/":
    if b == 0:
        print("Nolga bo'lib bo'lmaydi")
    else:
        print(a / b)
else:
    print("Noma'lum operator")

C versiyasi (4-oydagi) bilan taqqoslang — juda qisqaroq.

14. Type — type() funksiyasi

x = 5
print(type(x))      # <class 'int'>

y = 3.14
print(type(y))      # <class 'float'>

z = "Akmal"
print(type(z))      # <class 'str'>

w = True
print(type(w))      # <class 'bool'>

Python avtomatik aniqlaydi.

15. F-strings (formatlash)

name = "Akmal"
age = 22

# Eski usul
print("Salom, " + name + "! Yoshi: " + str(age))

# F-string (eng yaxshi)
print(f"Salom, {name}! Yoshi: {age}")

# .format()
print("Salom, {}! Yoshi: {}".format(name, age))

F-string — f"...". Eng oson va eng tezkor.

16. None — Python NULL

x = None
if x is None:
    print("Bo'sh")

C: NULL. Python: None.

17. True/False

a = True
b = False

# Pythonda 1 va 0 emas
if a:
    print("Rost")

Boolean — bosh harf!

18. To'liq dastur

# tanishuv.py

print("=== Tanishuv ===")
name = input("Ismingiz: ")
age = int(input("Yoshingiz: "))
city = input("Shahringiz: ")

print()
print(f"Salom, {name}!")
print(f"Sen {age} yoshda ekansan va {city}da yashaysan.")

if age >= 18:
    print("Sen kattalarsan")
else:
    print("Sen yoshsan")

birth_year = 2026 - age
print(f"Tug'ilgan yiling: {birth_year}")

19. VS Code'da Python

1. Python extension o'rnating
2. Pastki qismda Python interpreter tanlang
3. Run tugmasi yoki F5

Yoki terminal:

$ python3 hello.py

20. Common pitfalls

1. Indentatsiya

if x > 5:
print("xato")    # XATO — indentatsiya kerak

2. = va ==

if x = 5:        # XATO
if x == 5:       # To'g'ri

3. : unutish

if x > 5
    print("...")   # XATO — `:` yo'q

if x > 5:
    print("...")   # To'g'ri

4. and/or/not o'rniga &&/||/!

if x > 0 && y > 0:    # XATO
if x > 0 and y > 0:   # To'g'ri

5. True/False katta harf

if x == true:    # XATO (yo'q)
if x == True:    # To'g'ri

Topshiriqlar

1 — Hello

hello.py — print yozing.

2 — Tanishuv

tanishuv.py — yuqorida berilgan to'liq dastur.

3 — Kalkulyator

calc.py — yuqorida berilgan kalkulyator.

4 — Kvadrat va kub

squares.py:

n = int(input("Raqam: "))
print(f"Kvadrat: {n**2}")
print(f"Kub: {n**3}")
print(f"Ildiz: {n**0.5}")

5 — Yosh kalkulator

yosh.py:

year = int(input("Tug'ilgan yil: "))
now = 2026
age = now - year

print(f"Yoshingiz: {age}")
print(f"Kunlar: {age * 365}")
print(f"Soatlar: {age * 365 * 24}")

6 — BMI

bmi.py:

weight = float(input("Vazn (kg): "))
height = float(input("Bo'y (m): "))

bmi = weight / (height ** 2)
print(f"BMI: {bmi:.2f}")

if bmi < 18.5:
    print("Vazn yetishmaydi")
elif bmi < 25:
    print("Normal")
elif bmi < 30:
    print("Ortiqcha vazn")
else:
    print("Semizlik")

7 — REPL bilan tajriba

Terminal'da python3 yoki python ochib, quyidagilarni sinab ko'ring:

>>> 2 + 3
>>> 10 / 3
>>> 10 // 3
>>> 10 % 3
>>> 2 ** 10
>>> "Akmal" + " " + "Karimov"
>>> "Salom" * 3
>>> True and False
>>> True or False
>>> not True

Har birining natijasini daftarga yozing.

8 — Print formatlash

format.py:

pi = 3.14159265358979
print(f"{pi}")
print(f"{pi:.2f}")
print(f"{pi:.5f}")
print(f"{pi:10.2f}")
print(f"{pi:<10.2f}|")
print(f"{pi:>10.2f}|")

n = 42
print(f"{n:5d}")
print(f"{n:05d}")

s = "Akmal"
print(f"{s:10}|")
print(f"{s:<10}|")
print(f"{s:>10}|")
print(f"{s:^10}|")

9 — C va Python taqqoslash

Daftarga 5 ta dastur uchun C va Python versiyalarini taqqoslang:

1. Hello World
2. O'rtacha
3. Faktorial
4. Tub son tekshirish
5. Kalkulyator

Qaysi til qisqaroq? Necha qator?

10 — GitHub

Yangi repo: python-darslari

$ mkdir python-darslari
$ cd python-darslari
$ git init
$ # fayllar
$ git add . && git commit -m "feat: first python files"
$ # GitHub'da yangi repo
$ git remote add origin https://github.com/USER/python-darslari.git
$ git push -u origin main

Lug'at

Termin	Izoh
Python	Dasturlash tili (1991)
REPL	Interaktiv konsol
Indentation	Indentatsiya (4 bo'shliq)
Interpreter	Tarjimon (compile yo'q)
Dynamic typing	Avtomatik turlar
print()	Chiqarish
input()	Kirish
f-string	f"{name}"
None	Bo'sh qiymat
True/False	Boolean
**	Daraja
//	Butun bo'lish
and/or/not	Mantiqiy

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