9-dars: Modullar, paketlar va pip

Dars

Davomiyligi: 90 daqiqa Maqsad: Modul import, standart kutubxonalar, pip orqali yangi kutubxonalar o'rnatish.

1. Modul nima?

Modul — .py fayl.

Boshqa fayldan import qilib funksiyalarini ishlatish mumkin.

python

# math_utils.py
def square(n):
    return n ** 2

def cube(n):
    return n ** 3

python

# main.py
import math_utils

print(math_utils.square(5))   # 25
print(math_utils.cube(3))     # 27

2. Import variantlari

python

# To'liq modul
import math
print(math.pi)

# Boshqa nom (alias)
import numpy as np

# Faqat ba'zi funksiyalar
from math import pi, sqrt
print(pi)
print(sqrt(16))

# Hammasini (yomon uslub)
from math import *
print(pi, e, tau)

# Boshqa nom bilan
from math import sqrt as kvadrat_ildiz
print(kvadrat_ildiz(25))

3. Asosiy standart kutubxonalar

Hammasi bepul va o'rnatilgan.

4. math

python

import math

math.pi              # 3.14159...
math.e               # 2.71828...
math.sqrt(25)        # 5.0
math.pow(2, 10)      # 1024.0
math.factorial(5)    # 120
math.gcd(48, 18)     # 6
math.log(10)         # natural log
math.log2(8)         # 3.0
math.log10(100)      # 2.0
math.sin(math.pi)    # ~0
math.floor(3.7)      # 3
math.ceil(3.1)       # 4
math.inf             # cheksizlik
math.nan             # not a number

5. random

python

import random

random.random()              # 0.0–1.0
random.randint(1, 100)        # 1–100 (inclusive)
random.uniform(1.0, 10.0)     # float
random.choice([1, 2, 3])      # birini tanlash
random.sample([1,2,3,4,5], 3) # 3 ta noyob
random.shuffle([1,2,3])       # aralashtirish
random.seed(42)               # takrorlanadigan

6. datetime

python

from datetime import datetime, date, time, timedelta

now = datetime.now()
print(now)                       # 2026-05-15 14:30:00

today = date.today()
print(today)                     # 2026-05-15

# Format
print(now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))  # 2026-05-15
print(now.strftime("%H:%M:%S"))  # 14:30:00
print(now.strftime("%d/%m/%Y %H:%M"))

# Parse
d = datetime.strptime("2026-05-15", "%Y-%m-%d")

# Arithmetic
tomorrow = today + timedelta(days=1)
last_week = today - timedelta(days=7)

# Farq
diff = datetime(2030, 1, 1) - datetime.now()
print(diff.days)

Format codes

Code	Ma'no
`%Y`	Yil (2026)
`%m`	Oy (05)
`%d`	Kun (15)
`%H`	Soat 24 (14)
`%I`	Soat 12 (02)
`%M`	Daqiqa
`%S`	Sekund
`%A`	Hafta kuni (Friday)
`%B`	Oy nomi (May)

7. os

python

import os

os.getcwd()                  # hozirgi katalog
os.listdir(".")              # papka tarkibi
os.mkdir("new")              # papka yaratish
os.remove("file.txt")
os.rename("old.txt", "new.txt")

os.path.exists("file.txt")
os.path.isfile("file.txt")
os.path.isdir("folder")
os.path.join("a", "b", "c")  # "a/b/c"
os.path.basename("/path/file.txt")  # "file.txt"
os.path.splitext("file.txt")        # ("file", ".txt")

os.environ.get("HOME")       # env variable

8. sys

python

import sys

print(sys.argv)              # command line argumentlar
print(sys.version)           # Python versiyasi
print(sys.platform)          # 'darwin', 'linux', 'win32'

sys.exit(0)                  # dasturni tugatish
sys.exit(1)                  # xato bilan

bash

$ python3 script.py arg1 arg2 arg3

python

# script.py
import sys
print(sys.argv)
# ['script.py', 'arg1', 'arg2', 'arg3']

9. time

python

import time

start = time.time()           # sekundlarda
time.sleep(2)                 # 2 sekund kutish
end = time.time()
print(f"Vaqt: {end - start}")

time.ctime()                  # readable string

10. collections

python

from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict

# Counter — chastota
text = "abacabad"
c = Counter(text)
print(c.most_common(3))    # [('a', 4), ('b', 2), ('c', 1)]

# defaultdict — default value
d = defaultdict(int)
d["a"] += 1
d["b"] += 5
print(d)   # {'a': 1, 'b': 5}

# deque — double-ended queue
q = deque([1, 2, 3])
q.appendleft(0)
q.append(4)
print(q)  # deque([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])

11. itertools

python

from itertools import combinations, permutations, product

# Kombinatsiya
list(combinations([1, 2, 3], 2))
# [(1,2), (1,3), (2,3)]

# Permutatsiya
list(permutations([1, 2, 3], 2))
# [(1,2), (1,3), (2,1), (2,3), (3,1), (3,2)]

# Decart ko'paytma
list(product([1, 2], ['a', 'b']))
# [(1,'a'), (1,'b'), (2,'a'), (2,'b')]

12. pip — paket menejer

pip — Python uchun standart paket menejer.

bash

$ pip install requests        # o'rnatish
$ pip uninstall requests       # o'chirish
$ pip list                     # o'rnatilganlar
$ pip show requests            # ma'lumot
$ pip install --upgrade requests
$ pip install requests==2.28.0  # aniq versiya

Yoki pip3 Mac/Linux'da.

13. Virtual environment

Loyihalar uchun alohida muhit. Versiyalar to'qnashmasligi uchun.

bash

# Yaratish
$ python3 -m venv venv

# Yoqish
$ source venv/bin/activate   # Mac/Linux
$ venv\Scripts\activate      # Windows

# Endi pip — faqat shu loyihaga
$ pip install requests

# Chiqish
$ deactivate

Har loyiha — alohida venv.

14. requirements.txt

Loyihaning kutubxonalari ro'yxati:

requests==2.31.0
numpy==1.26.0
pandas==2.1.0

O'rnatish:

bash

$ pip install -r requirements.txt

Yaratish:

bash

$ pip freeze > requirements.txt

15. Mashhur tashqi kutubxonalar

16. requests — HTTP

python

import requests

# GET
response = requests.get("https://api.github.com/users/torvalds")
data = response.json()
print(data["name"])

# POST
response = requests.post("https://api.example.com/users", 
                          json={"name": "Akmal"})

# Status
print(response.status_code)
print(response.headers)

O'rnatish: pip install requests

17. Yangi modul yaratish

my_module.py:

python

"""My helpful module."""

PI = 3.14159

def square(n):
    return n ** 2

def cube(n):
    return n ** 3

class Circle:
    def __init__(self, r):
        self.r = r
    
    def area(self):
        return PI * self.r ** 2

# Faqat to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ishga tushganda
if __name__ == "__main__":
    print(square(5))
    print(Circle(3).area())

main.py:

python

import my_module
# yoki
from my_module import square, Circle

print(my_module.square(5))
print(my_module.Circle(3).area())

18. Package — papka asoslangan modul

mypackage/
├── __init__.py
├── module1.py
└── module2.py

__init__.py — bo'sh bo'lishi mumkin, paketni belgilaydi.

Ishlatish:

python

import mypackage.module1
from mypackage import module2

Topshiriqlar

1 — Standart modullar

stdlib.py — math, random, datetime bilan tajriba.

10 ta turli funksiyani sinab ko'ring.

2 — O'z modulingiz

math_utils.py:

python

def is_prime(n):
    if n < 2:
        return False
    for i in range(2, int(n ** 0.5) + 1):
        if n % i == 0:
            return False
    return True

def factorial(n):
    return 1 if n <= 1 else n * factorial(n - 1)

# va h.k.

main.py:

python

from math_utils import is_prime, factorial

print(is_prime(17))
print(factorial(5))

3 — Datetime

datetime_demo.py:

python

from datetime import datetime, timedelta

now = datetime.now()
birthday = datetime(1995, 5, 15)

age_days = (now - birthday).days
print(f"Sizning yoshingiz: {age_days // 365} yil")
print(f"Kunlar: {age_days}")

# 1000 kun keyin
future = now + timedelta(days=1000)
print(f"1000 kundan keyin: {future.strftime('%d-%b-%Y')}")

4 — Random

random_demo.py:

python

import random

# 6 raqamli random kod
code = ''.join(random.choices('0123456789', k=6))
print(f"OTP: {code}")

# Karta o'yini
suits = ['♠', '♥', '♦', '♣']
ranks = ['2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9','10','J','Q','K','A']
deck = [r + s for r in ranks for s in suits]
random.shuffle(deck)

print("5 ta karta:")
for card in deck[:5]:
    print(card)

5 — sys.argv

cli.py:

python

import sys

if len(sys.argv) != 3:
    print("Foydalanish: python cli.py <ism> <yosh>")
    sys.exit(1)

name = sys.argv[1]
age = int(sys.argv[2])

print(f"Salom, {name}! Sen {age} yoshda ekansan.")

bash

$ python3 cli.py Akmal 22

6 — pip

Virtual env yarating:

bash

$ mkdir python-loyiha
$ cd python-loyiha
$ python3 -m venv venv
$ source venv/bin/activate
$ pip install requests
$ pip list
$ pip freeze > requirements.txt

requirements.txtni Drive'ga.

7 — requests

github_info.py:

python

import requests

response = requests.get("https://api.github.com/users/torvalds")
data = response.json()

print(f"Ism: {data['name']}")
print(f"Bio: {data.get('bio')}")
print(f"Followers: {data['followers']}")
print(f"Repos: {data['public_repos']}")

8 — Counter

word_freq.py:

python

from collections import Counter

text = """
Python — kuchli dasturlash tili. Python — boshlovchi uchun.
Python keng tarqalgan. Dasturlash qiziqarli.
"""

words = text.lower().split()
freq = Counter(words)

print(freq.most_common(5))

9 — Loyiha tuzilmasi

my-package/ papka yarating:

my-package/
├── __init__.py
├── math_utils.py
├── string_utils.py
└── main.py

Har modulda 3-5 ta funksiya. main.py — barchasini ishlatadi.

10 — GitHub

bash

$ mkdir 6-oy-dars-9
$ git add . && git commit -m "feat: dars 9 - modules" && git push

Lug'at

Termin	Izoh
Module	`.py` fayl
Package	Papka + `__init__.py`
import	Modul yuklash
from ... import	Ba'zilarini olish
pip	Paket menejer
virtualenv / venv	Izolyatsiya
requirements.txt	Loyiha kutubxonalari
math / random / datetime	Standart
requests	HTTP klient
Counter / defaultdict	collections

Keyingi dars

10-dars: Yakuniy loyiha — 1-qism →

9-dars: Modullar, paketlar va pip ​

1. Modul nima? ​

2. Import variantlari ​

3. Asosiy standart kutubxonalar ​

4. math ​

5. random ​

6. datetime ​

Format codes ​

7. os ​

8. sys ​

9. time ​

10. collections ​

11. itertools ​

12. pip — paket menejer ​

13. Virtual environment ​

14. requirements.txt ​

15. Mashhur tashqi kutubxonalar ​

16. requests — HTTP ​

17. Yangi modul yaratish ​

18. Package — papka asoslangan modul ​

Topshiriqlar ​

Lug'at ​

Keyingi dars ​

9-dars: Modullar, paketlar va pip

1. Modul nima?

2. Import variantlari

3. Asosiy standart kutubxonalar

4. math

5. random

6. datetime

Format codes

7. os

8. sys

9. time

10. collections

11. itertools

12. pip — paket menejer

13. Virtual environment

14. requirements.txt

15. Mashhur tashqi kutubxonalar

16. requests — HTTP

17. Yangi modul yaratish

18. Package — papka asoslangan modul

Topshiriqlar

Lug'at

Keyingi dars