4-dars: Funksiyalar

Dars

Davomiyligi: 90 daqiqa Maqsad: Python funksiyalari, parameter, return, default values, *args, **kwargs.

1. Funksiya yaratish

python

def greet(name):
    print(f"Salom, {name}!")

greet("Akmal")

C bilan farqi:

def so'zi
Tur belgilash yo'q
{} o'rniga indentatsiya
Return type yo'q

2. Return

python

def square(n):
    return n * n

result = square(5)   # 25
print(result)

return — funksiyani tugatadi.

3. Bir nechta qiymat

python

def divide(a, b):
    return a // b, a % b   # tuple

quotient, remainder = divide(17, 5)
print(quotient, remainder)  # 3 2

C'da pointer kerak edi. Python — tuple.

4. Default parameters

python

def greet(name, greeting="Salom"):
    print(f"{greeting}, {name}!")

greet("Akmal")              # Salom, Akmal!
greet("Akmal", "Hello")     # Hello, Akmal!

C'da default — yo'q. Python — default values.

5. Keyword arguments

python

def create_user(name, age, city="Toshkent"):
    print(f"{name}, {age}, {city}")

# Pozitsion
create_user("Akmal", 22)

# Keyword
create_user(name="Aziza", age=19)
create_user(age=25, name="Botir")  # tartib muhim emas

6. *args — istalgancha pozitsion

python

def sum_all(*numbers):
    total = 0
    for n in numbers:
        total += n
    return total

print(sum_all(1, 2, 3))         # 6
print(sum_all(1, 2, 3, 4, 5))   # 15
print(sum_all())                 # 0

*numbers — tuple.

7. **kwargs — istalgancha keyword

python

def print_info(**info):
    for key, value in info.items():
        print(f"{key}: {value}")

print_info(name="Akmal", age=22, city="Toshkent")
# name: Akmal
# age: 22
# city: Toshkent

**info — dict.

8. Type hints (Python 3.5+)

python

def add(a: int, b: int) -> int:
    return a + b

def greet(name: str) -> None:
    print(f"Salom, {name}!")

Faqat dokumentatsiya — Python ishlashga ta'sir qilmaydi.

Hint foydasi

IDE auto-complete
Boshqalar tushunadi
mypy bilan tekshirish

Lekin type bermay ham ishlaydi.

9. Docstring

python

def factorial(n):
    """Faktorial hisoblash.
    
    Args:
        n: Musbat butun raqam
    
    Returns:
        n! qiymati
    """
    if n <= 1:
        return 1
    return n * factorial(n - 1)

help(factorial) — yordamni ko'rsatadi.

10. Local va Global

python

x = 10  # global

def func():
    x = 20  # local (yangi)
    print(x)  # 20

func()
print(x)  # 10 (global o'zgarmadi)

global keyword

python

x = 10

def func():
    global x
    x = 20

func()
print(x)  # 20

global'dan ehtiyot

Iloji boricha local ishlating, parameter orqali uzating.

11. Lambda (anonymous function)

python

square = lambda x: x ** 2
print(square(5))   # 25

# Bir qatorli
add = lambda a, b: a + b
print(add(3, 4))   # 7

Lambda — bitta ifoda.

Foydasi — boshqa funksiyaga uzatish (map, filter, sorted).

12. map, filter, reduce

python

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# map — har elementga funksiya
squares = list(map(lambda x: x ** 2, numbers))
# [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

# filter — shartga mos
evens = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))
# [2, 4]

# reduce — yig'ish
from functools import reduce
total = reduce(lambda a, b: a + b, numbers)
# 15

Pythonic yo'l — list comprehension:

python

squares = [x ** 2 for x in numbers]
evens = [x for x in numbers if x % 2 == 0]
total = sum(numbers)

13. Recursive funksiya

python

def factorial(n):
    if n <= 1:
        return 1
    return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5))  # 120

python

def fibonacci(n):
    if n < 2:
        return n
    return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)

C bilan bir xil tushuncha.

14. Funksiya — birinchi sinf

Funksiya — o'zgaruvchi kabi:

python

def greet(name):
    return f"Salom, {name}!"

# O'zgaruvchiga
f = greet
print(f("Akmal"))  # Salom, Akmal!

# List ichida
funcs = [greet, str.upper, str.lower]
for f in funcs:
    print(f("Akmal"))

# Parameter sifatida
def apply(func, value):
    return func(value)

print(apply(greet, "Akmal"))

15. Closure (yopilma)

python

def make_counter():
    count = 0
    
    def counter():
        nonlocal count
        count += 1
        return count
    
    return counter

c = make_counter()
print(c())  # 1
print(c())  # 2
print(c())  # 3

Ichki funksiya — tashqi o'zgaruvchini eslab qoladi.

16. Decorator (kirish)

python

def timer(func):
    import time
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        start = time.time()
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        print(f"Vaqt: {time.time() - start:.4f}")
        return result
    return wrapper

@timer
def slow_function():
    import time
    time.sleep(1)

slow_function()

@timer — slow_function = timer(slow_function).

Decorators — keyingi kurs uchun, lekin asosiy.

17. Generator

python

def count_up_to(n):
    i = 0
    while i < n:
        yield i
        i += 1

for num in count_up_to(5):
    print(num)
# 0 1 2 3 4

yield — har chaqirishda bittadan beradi. Memory tejaydi.

18. To'liq misol

python

# math_utils.py

def is_prime(n: int) -> bool:
    """n tub sonmi?"""
    if n < 2:
        return False
    for i in range(2, int(n ** 0.5) + 1):
        if n % i == 0:
            return False
    return True

def primes_up_to(n: int) -> list:
    """n gacha barcha tub sonlar."""
    return [i for i in range(2, n + 1) if is_prime(i)]

def factorial(n: int) -> int:
    """n!"""
    if n <= 1:
        return 1
    return n * factorial(n - 1)

def fibonacci(n: int) -> list:
    """Birinchi n ta Fibonacci raqami."""
    if n <= 0:
        return []
    if n == 1:
        return [0]
    
    fibs = [0, 1]
    for _ in range(2, n):
        fibs.append(fibs[-1] + fibs[-2])
    return fibs

def gcd(a: int, b: int) -> int:
    """Eng katta umumiy bo'luvchi."""
    while b:
        a, b = b, a % b
    return a

def lcm(a: int, b: int) -> int:
    """Eng kichik umumiy ko'paytuvchi."""
    return a * b // gcd(a, b)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    print(primes_up_to(50))
    print(factorial(10))
    print(fibonacci(10))
    print(gcd(48, 18))
    print(lcm(4, 6))

19. `name == "main"`

python

if __name__ == "__main__":
    # faqat shu fayl ishga tushganda ishlaydi
    main()

Modulni import qilsa — main() ishlamaydi. Faqat to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ishga tushganda.

Topshiriqlar

1 — Asosiy

functions.py — to'rtta arifmetik funksiya yozing: add, subtract, multiply, divide. divide funksiyasi nolga bo'lishda None qaytarsin. Har birini turli argumentlar bilan chaqirib, natijasini chop eting.

2 — Default va keyword

defaults.py — bir nechta default parametrga ega funksiya yozing (masalan create_user(name, age=18, city=..., country=...)). Uni turli usullarda chaqiring: faqat majburiy argument bilan, pozitsion argumentlar bilan va keyword argumentlar bilan.

3 — *args va **kwargs

args_kwargs.py — uchta funksiya yozing:

*args bilan istalgancha sonni qabul qilib yig'indisini qaytaruvchi
**kwargs bilan kalit-qiymatlarni chop etuvchi
*args va **kwargs ni birga qabul qiluvchi funksiya

4 — Recursive

recursive.py — factorial, fibonacci, gcd, sum_to_n.

5 — Lambda

lambda_demo.py — (ism, ball) juftliklaridan iborat ro'yxatni sorted() va lambda yordamida saralang: bir marta ball bo'yicha (kamayish tartibida), bir marta ism bo'yicha.

6 — map, filter

map_filter.py — map va lambda bilan sonlar ro'yxatining kvadratlarini oling; filter bilan ma'lum oraliqdan faqat tub sonlarni ajratib oling.

7 — Calculator (funksiyalar bilan)

calc.py — ikkita son va operator (+, -, *, /) qabul qiluvchi calculator(a, b, op) funksiyasini yozing. Operatorlarni lambda'lar saqlangan dict orqali tanlang; nolga bo'lish va noma'lum operatorni None bilan qayting.

8 — Math utils

math_utils.py — Dars matnidagi to'liq modul.

Bonus: is_perfect, count_divisors, is_palindrome ham qo'shing.

9 — Closure counter

counter.py — closure (nonlocal) yordamida hisoblagich yasovchi make_counter(start=0, step=1) funksiyasini yozing. U har chaqirilganda navbatdagi qiymatni qaytaruvchi ichki funksiyani qaytarsin. Turli start/step bilan ikkita mustaqil hisoblagich yaratib sinang.

10 — GitHub

bash

$ mkdir 6-oy-dars-4
$ git add . && git commit -m "feat: dars 4 - functions"
$ git push

Lug'at

Termin	Izoh
def	Funksiya yaratish
return	Qiymat qaytarish
Default parameter	Standart (oldindan belgilangan) qiymat
Keyword argument	Nom bilan
*`args`**	Istalgancha pozitsion
`kwargs`**	Istalgancha keyword
Type hints	`int`, `str` (faqat hujjat)
Docstring	`"""..."""`
Lambda	Anonymous function
Closure	Yopilma
Decorator	`@func`
Generator	`yield`
`__name__`	Modul nomi

Keyingi dars

5-dars: List, dict, tuple, set →

4-dars: Funksiyalar ​

1. Funksiya yaratish ​

2. Return ​

3. Bir nechta qiymat ​

4. Default parameters ​

5. Keyword arguments ​

6. *args — istalgancha pozitsion ​

7. **kwargs — istalgancha keyword ​

8. Type hints (Python 3.5+) ​

9. Docstring ​

10. Local va Global ​

global keyword ​

11. Lambda (anonymous function) ​

12. map, filter, reduce ​

13. Recursive funksiya ​

14. Funksiya — birinchi sinf ​

15. Closure (yopilma) ​

16. Decorator (kirish) ​

17. Generator ​

18. To'liq misol ​

19. __name__ == "__main__" ​

Topshiriqlar ​

Lug'at ​

Keyingi dars ​

4-dars: Funksiyalar

1. Funksiya yaratish

2. Return

3. Bir nechta qiymat

4. Default parameters

5. Keyword arguments

6. *args — istalgancha pozitsion

7. **kwargs — istalgancha keyword

8. Type hints (Python 3.5+)

9. Docstring

10. Local va Global

global keyword

11. Lambda (anonymous function)

12. map, filter, reduce

13. Recursive funksiya

14. Funksiya — birinchi sinf

15. Closure (yopilma)

16. Decorator (kirish)

17. Generator

18. To'liq misol

19. `name == "main"`

Topshiriqlar

Lug'at

Keyingi dars