3-dars: Operatorlar (matematik, mantiqiy, taqqoslash)

Dars haqida

Davomiyligi: 90 daqiqa Maqsad: Talaba C tilining operatorlarini bilishi, ulardan to'g'ri foydalanishi va operatorlarning tartibini tushunishi kerak.

1. Operator nima?

Operator — qiymatlar ustida amal bajaruvchi belgi.

int natija = 5 + 3;  // + — operator

2. Operator turlari

3. Arithmetic — matematik operatorlar

Operator	Vazifa	Misol
`+`	Qo'shish	`5 + 3 = 8`
`-`	Ayirish	`5 - 3 = 2`
`*`	Ko'paytirish	`5 * 3 = 15`
`/`	Bo'lish	`10 / 2 = 5`
`%`	Modulo (qoldiq)	`10 % 3 = 1`

int a = 10, b = 3;
printf("%d\n", a + b);  // 13
printf("%d\n", a - b);  // 7
printf("%d\n", a * b);  // 30
printf("%d\n", a / b);  // 3 (integer division)
printf("%d\n", a % b);  // 1 (qoldiq)

Modulo (%) foydasi

Toq/juft tekshirish:

int x = 10;
if (x % 2 == 0) {
    printf("Juft\n");
} else {
    printf("Toq\n");
}

Yil oxirgi raqami:

int yil = 2026;
int oxirgi = yil % 10;  // 6

4. Assignment — belgilash operatorlari

Operator	Misol	Ma'no
`=`	`x = 5`	x = 5
`+=`	`x += 3`	x = x + 3
`-=`	`x -= 3`	x = x - 3
`*=`	`x *= 2`	x = x * 2
`/=`	`x /= 2`	x = x / 2
`%=`	`x %= 3`	x = x % 3

int x = 10;

x += 5;      // x = 15
x -= 3;      // x = 12
x *= 2;      // x = 24
x /= 4;      // x = 6
x %= 4;      // x = 2

printf("%d\n", x);  // 2

5. Increment va Decrement

int x = 5;

x++;     // x = 6 (postfix)
++x;     // x = 7 (prefix)

x--;     // x = 6
--x;     // x = 5

Prefix vs Postfix farq

int a = 5;
int b = a++;      // b = 5, a = 6 (postfix: avval ber, keyin oshir)

int c = 5;
int d = ++c;      // d = 6, c = 6 (prefix: avval oshir, keyin ber)

Tavsiya

Boshlovchi uchun postfix ishlating (x++). Aralashtirib ishlatish — chigallik.

6. Comparison — taqqoslash operatorlari

Natija — 0 (false) yoki 1 (true).

Operator	Vazifa	Misol
`==`	Teng	`5 == 5` → 1
`!=`	Teng emas	`5 != 3` → 1
`>`	Katta	`5 > 3` → 1
`<`	Kichik	`5 < 3` → 0
`>=`	Katta yoki teng	`5 >= 5` → 1
`<=`	Kichik yoki teng	`5 <= 3` → 0

int a = 5, b = 3;

printf("%d\n", a == b);   // 0
printf("%d\n", a != b);   // 1
printf("%d\n", a > b);    // 1
printf("%d\n", a < b);    // 0
printf("%d\n", a >= 5);   // 1
printf("%d\n", b <= 3);   // 1

= vs ==

= — belgilash (assignment) == — taqqoslash (comparison)

Eng keng tarqalgan xato:

if (x = 5) { ... }   // XATO! x ni 5 ga belgilaydi va doim true
if (x == 5) { ... }  // To'g'ri — taqqoslash

7. Logical — mantiqiy operatorlar

Operator	Vazifa	Misol
`&&`	AND (va)	`(5 > 3) && (10 < 20)` → 1
`\|\|`	OR (yoki)	`(5 > 3) \|\| (10 > 20)` → 1
`!`	NOT (emas)	`!(5 > 3)` → 0

int yosh = 25;

// Yosh 18-60 oralig'idami?
if (yosh >= 18 && yosh <= 60) {
    printf("Ishlash yoshi\n");
}

// Shahar kodi 'T' (Toshkent) yoki 'S' (Samarqand) bo'lsa
char shahar_kodi = 'T';
if (shahar_kodi == 'T' || shahar_kodi == 'S') {
    // ...
}
// Diqqat: butun matnni (string) == bilan taqqoslab BO'LMAYDI —
// buning uchun strcmp() kerak (10-darsda o'rganamiz)

Truth table

A	B	A && B	A \|\| B	!A
0	0	0	0	1
0	1	0	1	1
1	0	0	1	0
1	1	1	1	0

Short-circuit evaluation

C lazy — natija oldindan ma'lum bo'lsa, qolganini hisoblamasdan to'xtaydi.

if (0 && very_slow_function()) {
    // very_slow_function() umuman chaqirilmaydi (chap tomon 0)
}

if (1 || very_slow_function()) {
    // very_slow_function() umuman chaqirilmaydi (chap tomon 1)
}

8. Bitwise operatorlar (qisqacha)

Bitwise — bit darajasida amallar.

Operator	Vazifa
`&`	Bitwise AND
`\|`	Bitwise OR
`^`	Bitwise XOR
`~`	Bitwise NOT
`<<`	Left shift
`>>`	Right shift

int a = 5;   // 0101
int b = 3;   // 0011

printf("%d\n", a & b);   // 0001 = 1
printf("%d\n", a | b);   // 0111 = 7
printf("%d\n", a ^ b);   // 0110 = 6
printf("%d\n", ~a);      // -6
printf("%d\n", a << 1);  // 1010 = 10
printf("%d\n", a >> 1);  // 0010 = 2

Bitwise foydasi

Tezkor matematik amallar
Bit flaglar (sozlamalar, ruxsatlar)
Hardware dasturlash

Boshlovchi uchun — kelajakda kerak.

9. Conditional (Ternary) operator

Qisqa if-else.

sharti ? agar_rost : agar_yolgon

Misol:

int yosh = 25;
char *natija = (yosh >= 18) ? "Kattalar" : "Bola";
printf("%s\n", natija);  // "Kattalar"

Ekvivalent:

char *natija;
if (yosh >= 18) {
    natija = "Kattalar";
} else {
    natija = "Bola";
}

Ternary — bir qatorda yozish uchun foydali.

10. sizeof operator

printf("%zu\n", sizeof(int));        // 4
printf("%zu\n", sizeof(double));     // 8
printf("%zu\n", sizeof(5 + 3.14));   // 8 (double)

sizeof — funksiya emas, operator.

11. Operatorlar tartibi (Precedence)

C'da har operator prioritetga ega.

int x = 2 + 3 * 4;     // 14 (NOT 20)

Sabab: * +'dan oldin.

Asosiy tartib (yuqori → past)

() — qavslar
++, -- (postfix)
++, -- (prefix), !, ~, +, - (unary), (type), sizeof
*, /, %
+, -
<<, >>
<, <=, >, >=
==, !=
&
^
|
&&
||
?:
=, +=, -= va h.k.

Qavslar bilan aniq qiling

Tartibni eslab qolish o'rniga — qavslar ishlating:

// Tushunarsiz
int x = a + b * c - d / e;

// Tushunarli
int x = a + (b * c) - (d / e);

12. Murakkab misol

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    int a = 10, b = 3;
    
    // Arithmetic
    int sum = a + b;
    int diff = a - b;
    int prod = a * b;
    int quot = a / b;
    int rem = a % b;
    
    // Comparison
    int gt = (a > b);
    int eq = (a == b);
    
    // Logical
    int both = (a > 0) && (b > 0);
    int one = (a > 0) || (b < 0);
    
    // Ternary
    int max = (a > b) ? a : b;
    
    // Compound assignment
    a += 5;        // a = 15
    b *= 2;        // b = 6
    
    printf("Sum: %d\n", sum);
    printf("Diff: %d\n", diff);
    printf("Prod: %d\n", prod);
    printf("Quot: %d\n", quot);
    printf("Rem: %d\n", rem);
    printf("a > b? %d\n", gt);
    printf("a == b? %d\n", eq);
    printf("Both positive? %d\n", both);
    printf("Max: %d\n", max);
    printf("New a: %d, New b: %d\n", a, b);
    
    return 0;
}

13. Common pitfalls (keng tarqalgan xatolar)

1. `=` va `==`

if (x = 5) { ... }   // XATO
if (x == 5) { ... }  // To'g'ri

2. Integer division

int natija = 5 / 2;        // 2 (NOT 2.5)
double natija2 = 5.0 / 2;  // 2.5

3. Operator priority

int x = 2 + 3 * 4;     // 14 (NOT 20)
int y = (2 + 3) * 4;   // 20

4. Modulo va negative

printf("%d\n", -7 % 3);  // -1 (C99+)
printf("%d\n", 7 % -3);  // 1

C'da modulo natijasi — birinchi argument bilan bir xil belgi.

5. Overflow

int max = 2147483647;  // INT_MAX
max = max + 1;          // overflow! → -2147483648

int chegarasidan oshib ketsa — noto'g'ri natija.

Darsdagi topshiriqlar

Topshiriq 1 — Asosiy operatorlar

asosiy.c:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    int a = 17, b = 5;
    
    printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);
    printf("a + b = %d\n", a + b);
    printf("a - b = %d\n", a - b);
    printf("a * b = %d\n", a * b);
    printf("a / b = %d\n", a / b);
    printf("a %% b = %d\n", a % b);
    printf("(float) a / b = %.2f\n", (float)a / b);
    
    return 0;
}

Sinab ko'ring.

Topshiriq 2 — Toq/juft tekshirish

toq-juft.c:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    int x = 10;
    
    if (x % 2 == 0) {
        printf("%d juft\n", x);
    } else {
        printf("%d toq\n", x);
    }
    
    return 0;
}

x qiymatini turli qiymatlarga o'zgartirib sinang:

7
100
0
-5
1

Topshiriq 3 — Compound assignment

compound.c:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    int score = 100;
    
    printf("Boshlang'ich: %d\n", score);
    
    score += 50;
    printf("+50: %d\n", score);
    
    score -= 30;
    printf("-30: %d\n", score);
    
    score *= 2;
    printf("*2: %d\n", score);
    
    score /= 4;
    printf("/4: %d\n", score);
    
    score %= 10;
    printf("%%10: %d\n", score);
    
    return 0;
}

Topshiriq 4 — Increment/decrement

increment.c:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    int a = 5;
    int b;
    
    // Postfix
    b = a++;
    printf("Postfix: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);
    
    int c = 5;
    int d;
    
    // Prefix
    d = ++c;
    printf("Prefix: c = %d, d = %d\n", c, d);
    
    return 0;
}

Natija nima? Nima uchun?

Topshiriq 5 — Logical operatorlar

logical.c — har xil shartlar:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    int yosh = 25;
    int ish_haqi = 5000000;
    int tajriba = 3;
    
    // Ishga olish: yosh 18-60 VA tajriba 2+
    int qabul = (yosh >= 18 && yosh <= 60) && (tajriba >= 2);
    printf("Qabul: %d\n", qabul);
    
    // Stipendiya: tajriba 1+ YOKI ish_haqi 3M+
    int stipendiya = (tajriba >= 1) || (ish_haqi >= 3000000);
    printf("Stipendiya: %d\n", stipendiya);
    
    // NOT
    int tugatadi = !(yosh < 18);
    printf("Tugatadi: %d\n", tugatadi);
    
    return 0;
}

Topshiriq 6 — Ternary

ternary.c:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    int a = 15, b = 23;
    
    int max = (a > b) ? a : b;
    int min = (a < b) ? a : b;
    
    printf("Max: %d\n", max);
    printf("Min: %d\n", min);
    
    int yosh = 17;
    char *kategoriya = (yosh >= 18) ? "Kattalar" : "Bola";
    printf("Kategoriya: %s\n", kategoriya);
    
    // 3 ta variant
    int ball = 75;
    char *baho = (ball >= 90) ? "A" :
                 (ball >= 75) ? "B" :
                 (ball >= 60) ? "C" : "F";
    printf("Baho: %s\n", baho);
    
    return 0;
}

Topshiriq 7 — Tartib

tartib.c:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    int a = 2 + 3 * 4;
    int b = (2 + 3) * 4;
    int c = 2 * 3 + 4 * 5;
    int d = 10 - 5 + 3;
    int e = 10 / 2 * 3;
    int f = 2 * 3 + 4 / 2 - 1;
    
    printf("a = %d\n", a);
    printf("b = %d\n", b);
    printf("c = %d\n", c);
    printf("d = %d\n", d);
    printf("e = %d\n", e);
    printf("f = %d\n", f);
    
    return 0;
}

Har birini oldindan o'ylab daftarga yozing. Keyin kompilyatsiya qiling va to'g'rimi tekshiring.

Topshiriq 8 — Yosh kalkulatori

yosh-kalkulator.c:

Foydalanuvchi tug'ilgan yili. Hozirgi yoshini va kasr qismi:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    int hozir = 2026;
    int tugilgan = 2005;
    
    int yosh = hozir - tugilgan;
    int kun_soni = yosh * 365;
    int soat = kun_soni * 24;
    
    printf("Yosh: %d yil\n", yosh);
    printf("Kun soni: %d\n", kun_soni);
    printf("Soat soni: %d\n", soat);
    printf("Daqiqa: %d\n", soat * 60);
    
    return 0;
}

O'zingizning ma'lumotlaringizni qo'ying.

Topshiriq 9 — GitHub'ga

Hamma fayllarni push qiling:

bash

$ cd ~/c-darslari
$ mkdir 4-oy-dars-3
$ # fayllarni shu joyga
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "feat: dars 3 - operators"
$ git push

Asosiy tushunchalar (lug'at)

Termin	Qisqacha izoh
Operator	Amal bajaruvchi belgi
Arithmetic	Matematik (+, -, *, /, %)
Modulo (%)	Bo'lish qoldigi
Assignment	Belgilash (=, +=, -=)
Comparison	Taqqoslash (==, !=, >, <)
Logical	Mantiqiy (&&, \|\|, !)
Bitwise	Bit darajasidagi
Increment/Decrement	++ / --
Prefix/Postfix	++x / x++
Ternary	? : qisqa if-else
Precedence	Tartib (qaysi avval)
Short-circuit	Lazy hisob
Overflow	Chegaradan oshib ketish

Keyingi dars

4-dars: Shartli operatorlar — if, else, switch →

3-dars: Operatorlar (matematik, mantiqiy, taqqoslash) ​

1. Operator nima? ​

2. Operator turlari ​

3. Arithmetic — matematik operatorlar ​

Modulo (%) foydasi ​

4. Assignment — belgilash operatorlari ​

5. Increment va Decrement ​

Prefix vs Postfix farq ​

6. Comparison — taqqoslash operatorlari ​

7. Logical — mantiqiy operatorlar ​

Truth table ​

Short-circuit evaluation ​

8. Bitwise operatorlar (qisqacha) ​

9. Conditional (Ternary) operator ​

10. sizeof operator ​

11. Operatorlar tartibi (Precedence) ​

Asosiy tartib (yuqori → past) ​

12. Murakkab misol ​

13. Common pitfalls (keng tarqalgan xatolar) ​

1. = va == ​

2. Integer division ​

3. Operator priority ​

4. Modulo va negative ​

5. Overflow ​

Darsdagi topshiriqlar ​

Asosiy tushunchalar (lug'at) ​

Keyingi dars ​