7-dars: Scratch — sikllar va shartlar

Dars haqida

Davomiyligi: 90 daqiqa Maqsad: Talaba Control bloklarni (forever, repeat, if, if-else, wait, stop) chuqur o'rganishi, ulardan murakkab dasturlar yarata olishi kerak.

1. Control bloklari — boshqaruv

Control (to'q sariq rang) — kodning oqimini boshqaradi.

2. wait — kutish

wait 1 seconds

1 sekund kutadi. Keyingi bloklar bajarilmaydi.

when 🟢 clicked
    say "Bir" for 1 secs
    wait 1 seconds
    say "Ikki" for 1 secs
    wait 1 seconds
    say "Uch" for 1 secs

3. repeat — N marta takrorlash

repeat 10
    move 10 steps
    turn ↻ 36 degrees

10 marta:

• 10 piksel oldinga
• 36 daraja aylanish

Natija — o'nburchak chiziladi (10 × 36 = 360 daraja). Tomonlar ko'paysa (masalan, repeat 36, turn 10) — doiraga yaqinlashadi.

Misol: kvadrat chizish

when 🟢 clicked
    pen down
    repeat 4
        move 100 steps
        turn ↻ 90 degrees
    pen up

4 ta tomon, har biri 90 daraja burilish.

Misol: ko'pburchak chizish

repeat 5
    move 100 steps
    turn ↻ (360 / 5) degrees

Beshburchak (360 / 5 = 72).

Universal:

ask [Necha tomon?] and wait
set [tomon] = (answer)

repeat (tomon)
    move 100 steps
    turn ↻ (360 / (tomon)) degrees

Foydalanuvchi raqam beradi — Scratch shu ko'pburchakni chizadi.

4. forever — cheksiz takrorlash

forever
    move 5 steps
    if on edge, bounce

To'xtagunchaga qadar doim ishlaydi (Stop tugmasi bosilguncha).

forever ichida wait ishlatish

forever ichida wait kerak — aks holda CPU 100% yuklanadi.

forever
    move 5 steps
    wait 0.05 seconds   ←  buni unutmang

5. if — shart

if <condition> then
    ... amallar

Shart rost bo'lsa — amallar bajariladi.

Misol: chetni tekshirish

forever
    move 10 steps
    if <touching [edge]?> then
        turn ↻ 180 degrees

6. if-else — shart bilan else

if <condition> then
    ... A amallari
else
    ... B amallari

Shart rost — A. Yolg'on — B.

Misol: o'tdimi?

ask [Sizning ball?] and wait
if <(answer) > 59> then
    say [O'tdingiz!] for 2 secs
else
    say [Yiqildingiz] for 2 secs

7. Nested if (shart ichida shart)

if <(answer) >= 90> then
    say [A] for 2 secs
else
    if <(answer) >= 80> then
        say [B] for 2 secs
    else
        if <(answer) >= 70> then
            say [C] for 2 secs
        else
            if <(answer) >= 60> then
                say [D] for 2 secs
            else
                say [F] for 2 secs

Yoki AND/OR ishlatish:

if <((answer) > 60) and ((answer) < 80)> then
    say [Yaxshi]

8. wait until — biror shartgacha kutish

wait until <key [space] pressed?>
say [Endi space bosildi!] for 2 secs

Space bosilguncha — kutadi. Bosilgandan keyin — davom etadi.

9. repeat until — shart ROST bo'lguncha takrorlash

repeat until <touching [Sprite2]?>
    move 5 steps

Sprite2'ga tegmaguncha — 5 piksel oldinga harakat qiladi.

10. stop — to'xtatish

3 ta variant:

• stop all — barcha sprite, barcha kod
• stop this script — faqat shu kod
• stop other scripts in sprite — shu sprite'ning boshqa kodlari

if <touching [edge]?> then
    say [Tegdi!] for 1 secs
    stop all

11. clone — sprite nusxasini yaratish

Clone — sprite'ning dinamik nusxasi. Foydali — masalan, kosmik o'yinda olov o'qlari.

when 🟢 clicked
    forever
        create clone of [myself]
        wait 1 seconds

Har sekundda sprite'ning yangi nusxasi yaratiladi.

Clone uchun maxsus event

when I start as a clone
    go to [random position]
    glide 2 secs to x:0 y:0
    delete this clone

Yangi clone — tasodifiy joyda paydo bo'lib, markazga siljiydi va o'chiriladi.

12. Murakkab misol: Asteroid o'yini

Kosmik o'yin. Asteroidlar yuqoridan tushadi. Raketa strelkalar bilan boshqariladi.

Asteroid (clone bilan)

when 🟢 clicked
    hide
    forever
        create clone of [myself]
        wait (pick random 0.5 to 1.5) seconds

when I start as a clone
    show
    go to x:(pick random -240 to 240) y:180
    repeat until <touching [edge]?>
        change y by -5
    delete this clone

Raketa (strelkalar bilan)

when 🟢 clicked
    go to x:0 y:-150

when [left arrow] key pressed
    change x by -10

when [right arrow] key pressed
    change x by 10

Tegishish

when I start as a clone (asteroid uchun)
    forever
        if <touching [Raketa]?> then
            broadcast [oyin tugadi]
            delete this clone

when I receive [oyin tugadi] (Raketa uchun)
    say [O'yin tugadi!] for 2 secs
    stop all

13. Variables — o'zgaruvchilar (kelajakdan tanishuv)

Keyingi darsda batafsil. Hozir — tushuncha.

Variable — qiymat saqlash uchun xotira hujayrasi.

Variable yaratish

1. Variables kategoriyasi
2. Make a Variable
3. Nom bering (masalan, score)
4. For all sprites yoki For this sprite only

Variable bilan ishlash

set [score] to 0           - 0 ga belgila
change [score] by 1        - 1 ga oshir
say (score) for 2 secs     - qiymatini ko'rsatish

Misol: Ball hisoblash

when 🟢 clicked
    set [score] to 0
    forever
        if <touching [Olma]?> then
            change [score] by 1

14. To'liq loyiha: Doira chizish dasturi

Vazifa: Klaviatura strelkalari bilan rang va o'lcham o'zgartirib, doira chizish.

Sprite — chiziqcha (pen sifatida)

when 🟢 clicked
    pen up
    set pen color to [red]
    set pen size to 5
    erase all
    go to [mouse-pointer]
    pen down

when [up arrow] key pressed
    change pen size by 2

when [down arrow] key pressed
    change pen size by -2

when [r] key pressed
    set pen color to [red]

when [g] key pressed
    set pen color to [green]

when [b] key pressed
    set pen color to [blue]

when [c] key pressed
    erase all

forever
    go to [mouse-pointer]

Foydalanuvchi sichqoncha bilan chizadi. Klavishlar bilan rang va o'lcham.

15. Best Practices — yaxshi amaliyot

1. Blokda tartibli yozing

when 🟢 clicked
    go to x:0 y:0
    set rotation style [left-right]
    point in direction 90
    forever
        move 5 steps
        if on edge, bounce

Bloklar mantiqiy tartibda: avval boshlang'ich sozlama, keyin sikl.

2. Wait ishlating

forever
    move 5 steps
    wait 0.05 seconds   ← Yetarli sekinlash

Aks holda — juda tez, ko'rinmaydi.

3. Nomlar aniq bo'lsin

Variable: score, lives, time — aniq. Sprite: Mushuk, Sichqon, Raketa — aniq.

Sprite1, Sprite2, var1 — yomon.

4. Comments — izohlar

Scratch'da bloklar ustida o'ng tugma → Add comment — izoh qo'shish.

Maxsus joylarda izoh — keyingi safar tushunish oson.

Darsdagi topshiriqlar

Topshiriq 1 — Geometrik shakllar

Pen extension qo'shing. Sprite chizadigan:

1. Kvadrat (4 tomon, 90°)
2. Uchburchak (3 tomon, 120°)
3. Beshburchak (5 tomon, 72°)
4. Olti burchak (6 tomon, 60°)
5. Doira (36 ta kichik tomon, 10°)

Har biri uchun alohida tugma yoki klavish (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).

Saqlang: 1-shakllar

Topshiriq 2 — Tasodifiy spiralar

Loop yordamida spiral chizing:

when 🟢 clicked
    pen down
    set [size] to 0
    repeat 100
        move (size) steps
        turn ↻ 91 degrees
        change [size] by 2

Turli burchaklarni sinab ko'ring (90, 89, 91, 121).

Saqlang: 2-spiral

Topshiriq 3 — If-else baho

Talaba ball kiritsin, dastur harf baho chiqarsin:

ask [Ballingiz?] and wait
if <(answer) >= 90> then
    say (join [Bahongiz: ] [A]) for 3 secs
else
    if <(answer) >= 80> then
        ...

5 ta baho (A, B, C, D, F).

Saqlang: 3-baho

Topshiriq 4 — Tutib oluvchi (clone bilan)

Asteroid o'yiniga o'xshash:

1. Olma sprite clone yordamida yuqoridan tushadi
2. Savat sprite strelkalar bilan
3. Tegishganda — olma o'chadi, score oshadi
4. 30 sekund vaqt, eng ko'p olma tutib oling

Saqlang: 4-olma-tutish

Topshiriq 5 — Reaction o'yini

Reaktsiya tezligini tekshirish:

1. Yashil bayroq bosilganda — "Hozir..." deyiladi
2. Tasodifiy 2-5 sekund kutiladi
3. Sprite rangi qizilga o'zgaradi
4. Foydalanuvchi space bosishi kerak
5. Necha sekundda reaksiya qildi — vaqt o'lchovi (timer)

when 🟢 clicked
    say [Hozir...] for 1 secs
    wait (pick random 2 to 5) seconds
    set [color] effect to 100
    reset timer
    wait until <key [space] pressed?>
    say (join [Vaqt: ] (timer)) for 5 secs

Saqlang: 5-reaction

Topshiriq 6 — Birinchi o'yin: Pong (oddiy)

Pong — klassik o'yin.

1. Top sprite — har xil yo'nalishda harakat qiladi, chetdan qaytadi
2. Plat sprite — strelkalar bilan boshqariladi
3. Top platga tegsa — qaytadi
4. Top pastga tushib ketsa — o'yin tugaydi

Top:
when 🟢 clicked
    point in direction 45
    forever
        move 5 steps
        if on edge, bounce
        if <touching [Plat]?> then
            turn ↻ 180 degrees
        if <(y position) < -170> then
            broadcast [oyin tugadi]

Saqlang: 6-pong

Topshiriq 7 — Maze (labirint)

1. Stage backdrop'ida labirint chizing (qora chiziqlar)
2. Sprite — strelkalar bilan
3. Qora chiziqqa tegmasin
4. Yashil rangga (oxir) yetib borsa — "Yutdingiz!"

forever
    if <touching color [#000000]?> then
        go to x:-200 y:-150
        say [Qaytadan!]
    if <touching color [#00FF00]?> then
        say [Yutdingiz!] for 5 secs
        stop all

Saqlang: 7-labirint

Topshiriq 8 — Music maker

Music extension qo'shing.

Klavishlar bilan musiqa chalish:

• 1 → C nota
• 2 → D nota
• 3 → E nota
• 4 → F nota
• 5 → G nota
• 6 → A nota
• 7 → B nota

when [1] key pressed
    play note [60] for 0.5 beats

when [2] key pressed
    play note [62] for 0.5 beats
...

Ohang yaratib ko'ring — "Twinkle Twinkle".

Saqlang: 8-music

Asosiy tushunchalar (lug'at)

Termin	Qisqacha izoh
wait	Kutish
repeat N	N marta takrorlash
forever	Cheksiz takrorlash
if	Shart
if-else	Shart else bilan
wait until	Shartgacha kutish
repeat until	Shartgacha takrorlash
stop	To'xtatish
clone	Sprite nusxasi
nested	Ichidagi (bir shart ichida boshqa)
Variable	O'zgaruvchi
Pen	Qalam (chizish)
Comment	Kodga izoh
Best practice	Yaxshi amaliyot

Keyingi dars

8-dars: Scratch — o'zgaruvchilar va o'yin loyihasi →